冀公平分配医疗资源 罕见病患不再边缘化

医句话: 还记得2022年上映的港剧《白色强人2》吗?剧中主角们极力推动政府全面开放药品清单草案,期望让每位罕见疾病患者获得平等的治疗机会,包括所需的药物。剧情是否曾让你感动?事实上,这部剧所传达的理念,正与今年国际罕见疾病日的主题“公平”相呼应,即希望每位罕见疾病患者都能享有平等权利,获取所需的医疗服务。 “每年2月的最后一天是国际罕见疾病日(Rare Disease Day),今年的主题为‘公平’(equity)。将医疗资源平均分配给所有患者,符合‘平等’(equality)的原则;真正的公平(equity)则是根据患者的健康需求来分配资源,确保每位患者获得所需的医疗服务,包括药物。 公平比平等更重要 举个例子,如果有几个身高不同的人要观看篮球比赛,但是前面有阻碍物,基于平等的原理,每个人都获得同样高度的凳子,但矮个子仍然无法看到比赛。基于公平,每个人将获得不同高度的凳子,确保所有人都能看到比赛。因此,平等是形式上的一致,而公平则是实质上的合理分配,确保所有人都能真正获得相同的机会和结果。 为何要强调‘公平’?首先须理解一个关键点,即罕见疾病的治疗费用,包括筛查与药物,往往比一般疾病昂贵。这意味着,罕见疾病患者的医疗开销远高于一般患者。例如,100万令吉可治疗100名一般疾病患者,却可能只能治疗1名罕见疾病患者。因此,‘公平’不仅是合理的理念,也符合罕见疾病治疗的需求,但要真正实现,仍需各方持续努力。 罕见病:每4000人少于1例 什么是罕见疾病?它如何定义?是否受到公共卫生承认?从字面理解,罕见疾病指病发率低、患者人数少的疾病。我国卫生部将罕见疾病定义为:导致慢性衰弱、残疾甚至危及生命的病症,且病发率低于4000人中1例。 全球对罕见疾病的定义有所不同,且无统一标准。以大马为例,‘大马罕见疾病名单’(Malaysian Rare Disease List)收录约500种罕见疾病,但全球医疗文献记载的罕见疾病已达7000至8000种,其中部分疾病尚未被诊断,因此未被记录。 从已知的罕见疾病来看,至少70%源自基因异常,其他则与罕见感染或自身免疫疾病有关。许多人误以为罕见疾病只发生在儿童,事实上,约30%病例发生于成人,且多在较晚期才发病;然而,儿童仍占多数,约70%的罕见疾病患者为儿童。 亚太峰会促进罕见病关注 2020年亚太经济峰会以来,我国对罕见疾病的关注有所提升。当时,亚太经济峰会、联合国及本地社群共同推动罕见疾病议题,而作为东道主,我国需积极参与,促使专门研究罕见疾病、改善患者家庭生活质量的单位成立。 在卫生部、福利部、教育部及非政府组织等多方专业人士的协助下,公众对罕见疾病的关注度显着提升,相比过去数十年,已有了极大改善。 研发受限 治疗选择稀缺 尽管罕见疾病的关注度有所提升,但仍面临许多无可避免且棘手的挑战,例如: 1.由于罕见,许多医护人员甚至不知此病的存在,更遑论如何诊断与治疗。 2.这导致患者在求医过程中需辗转多个医院,接受不同的筛查,才能确诊。数据显示,一名罕见疾病患者平均需时5年才能找到病因。 3.罕见疾病的治疗往往属于小众甚至个人化,从商业角度来看,药物市场需求有限,因此药厂难以投入庞大资金研发,导致许多罕见疾病至今仍无对应药物,目前仅5%至10%有针对性治疗。 不过,随着全球对罕见疾病的关注增加,相关药物的研发正逐步加快。特别是联合国于2021年提出罕见疾病提案,呼吁各成员国加强对患者、家属及照护者的支持。此外,国际非政府组织的积极推动,也让罕见疾病的治疗终于在黑暗中看见曙光。 经费短缺 治疗负担沉重 马来西亚罕见疾病现况如何呢?正如先前所提,随着2020年亚太经济峰会后,罕见疾病终于获得官方认可,政府正式承认罕见疾病的存在,并列出《大马罕见疾病名单》,同时每年拨款支持。尽管这笔资金仍远远不足,但从宏观角度来看,这无疑是迈出了一大步。 以吉隆坡中央医院(HKL)遗传学科(genetics department)为例,每年获得2500万令吉的治疗经费。乍看之下,这笔资金似乎充裕,然而罕见疾病的治疗费用极高,如酵素替代疗法(enzyme replacement therapy)与基因疗法(gene therapy)等。以成人患者为例,治疗费用往往以百万令吉计算,而嵴髓性肌肉萎缩症(SMA)等严重疾病,费用甚至可高达近千万令吉。儿童患者的治疗费用亦不低于50万令吉,换言之,目前的拨款难以复盖所有患者的治疗需求。 卫部仅两公院有遗传学科 值得庆幸的是,这些年来,许多非政府组织(NGO)、官联公司(GLC)及慈善机构积极援助,使医疗团队得以为更多患者提供治疗。然而,由于资源有限,医疗团队必须谨慎规划,确保稳步前进,即便仍有许多患者在等待中。 HKL临床遗传学科每年接收多少病例呢?作为全国仅有的两家设有遗传学科的政府医院之一(另一所为槟城中央医院),HKL每年接收来自儿科、肾脏科、脑科等专科的多达2000宗罕见疾病个案。其中,固定接受治疗的患者,以较常见先天性代谢缺陷疾病(Inborn Errors of Metabolism,IEM)为例,每年新增20至30宗新个案,连同其他罕见疾病患者,总计约500人需长期接受治疗。 此外,由于我国基因筛检技术尚不完善,每年HKL需将500至600份基因样本送往海外检测,其中约30份来自IEM患者。在这近600份样本中,成人患者占30%,儿童患者则占70%。 吴乐福医生(Ngu Lock Hock) 吉隆坡中央医院(HKL) 遗传学科临床组主任 遗传科医生全国不足15人 除了两所政府医院外,我国另有3所教学医院,分别是马大医药中心(UMMC)、蕉赖国大医院(HCTM)及理大医院(HPUSM)设有临床遗传学科。然而,南马及东马尚未设立相关部门,导致专科医生需每半年前往主要医院,如东马的古晋、亚庇,或西马的吉兰丹、新山等地的政府医院应诊。必要时,他们亦会前往国家心脏中心(IJN),协助诊治如心脏纤维化等罕见病例。 此外,HKL与多所海外大学及医院合作,包括日本与新加坡,进行罕见疾病的学术交流与研究。 在我国,遗传学属于冷门专科,全国具资格的专科医生不超过15人,堪称‘罕见中的罕见’。我衷心希望,未来能有更多年轻医生选择投身这一领域,因为治疗罕见疾病的挑战与成就感,绝非金钱所能衡量。 事实上,一个地区对罕见疾病的治疗能力,亦可反映其医疗水平与国力。全球而言,除西欧、澳洲、美国等先进地区外,日韩与台湾在罕见疾病治疗方面亦达高水准,而这与当地经济实力息息相关。当国家在这方面取得突破,不仅能惠及本国人民,亦可展现国力。研究罕见疾病可推动本土医疗进步,甚至提升私人药厂的研发能力,减少对外依赖,真正做到自给自足。 须承认,与智利、东欧国家、泰国甚至伊拉克相比,我国在罕见疾病治疗领域并不具优势。以马来西亚、新加坡与泰国为例,我国在这方面已落后于邻国,若不加紧追赶,未来恐将进一步被抛离。 遗传学咨询师不可或缺 值得一提的是,除了遗传学专科医生,遗传学咨询师(genetic counselors)同样不可或缺。他们负责评估遗传病风险,向患者及家属解释基因检测结果,并提供遗传咨询与支持。然而,我国对遗传学咨询师的重视程度仍然不足。尽管部分公立大学设有相关课程,全国具资格的遗传学咨询师仅约10人,其中一人服务于政府医院,部分于私人医院执业,其余则或赴海外发展,或转行他业,导致人才流失。 相比之下,日本拥有约1000名遗传学咨询师,澳洲约600名,印尼与菲律宾亦计划开展相关课程。政府确实有必要正视此问题,为遗传学咨询师提供合理职位,避免人才外流,确保我国能在罕见疾病领域稳步前进。…

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